Ultrasound Assessment of the Antrum in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients: An Observational Study on Perioperative Aspiration Risk

Abstract

Background: Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents is a rare but serious perioperative complication. Diabetic patients are considered at higher risk due to potential delayed gastric emptying. To compare gastric residual volume and aspiration risk between diabetic and non-diabetic patients using ultrasound measurement of the gastric antrum.

Methods: This observational cross-sectional study included 86 adult patients (38 diabetics, 48 non-diabetics) assessed via abdominal ultrasound in supine and right lateral decubitus positions. Antral cross-sectional area was measured, and gastric volume calculated using validated mathematical models. Statistical analyses compared body mass index (BMI), age, fasting duration, and gastric volume between groups.

Results: Diabetic patients had a higher mean BMI (26.46 ± 1.78 vs. 24.69 ± 3.38, p = 0.004) and were older (58.74 ± 8.46 vs. 47.71 ± 16.21 years, p < 0.001). Fasting times did not differ significantly (p = 0.243). No statistically significant difference was found in gastric emptying status or aspiration risk between groups (p = 0.266).

Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus alone did not significantly impact gastric emptying in this sample. Standard fasting protocols appear adequate for most diabetic patients without gastroparesis symptoms.