Challenges of govering the energy transition in Brazil

Abstract

Brazil's energy transition is essential for mitigating emissions and leveraging the country's high potential for renewable energy sources, such as green hydrogen. However, achieving a just transition faces significant social, environmental, and economic bottlenecks. This study investigates how regulatory barriers, unequal access, and institutional fragmentation affect this process. A review of literature and documents—drawing on data from BEN, EPE, and SEBRAE—reveals that the expansion of clean energy sources has not been sufficient to ensure inclusive and equitable energy distribution. Key obstacles include the lack of long-term state planning and regional disparities in access to technology. The study concludes that replacing fossil fuels requires structural institutional changes and unified governance. Only through technical capacity-building and integrated policies will it be possible to ensure social inclusion, sovereignty, and energy sustainability in the country.