Oral Changes in Patients Undergoing Bariatric Surgery: An Integrative Review

Abstract

Introduction: Obesity is a complex, chronic disease of multifactorial origin, diagnosed by a Body Mass Index (BMI) greater than 30 kg/m². Due to the global prevalence of obesity, the impact it causes, and its negative repercussions on people life expectancy and quality of life, bariatric surgery has emerged as a long-term treatment option, producing a positive impact on individuals' health conditions, such as the remission of chronic diseases. On the other hand, it may lead to the onset or worsening of oral changes. Therefore, the involvement of a dental surgeon is necessary in patients’ treatment. Objective: This study aimed to conduct an integrative review of the literature regarding oral changes in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Methodology: This study is an integrative review carried out through a bibliographic survey of the literature in the electronic databases PubMed, LILACS, BBO, WPRIM, and SciELO, based on the PICO acronym and following the PRISMA flowchart. The data collection period was from March to May 2024. The search resulted in a total of 296 articles, with duplicates and others not meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria removed. 16 articles were included. Results: The main oral changes identified in individuals who underwent bariatric surgery were: dental caries, hyposalivation, dental erosion, tooth sensitivity, and periodontal disease. The last two were the most frequently reported findings in the evaluated studies, caused respectively by gastric juice (gastroesophageal reflux, nausea, and vomiting) and hormonal changes associated with dietary changes. Conclusions: Bariatric surgery may contribute to the development or worsening of oral conditions. Therefore, regular oral health monitoring of patients undergoing bariatric surgery is essential, as is the inclusion of a dental surgeon as part of the multidisciplinary team.