POLISSACARÍDEOS EXTRAÍDOS DE ALGAS MARINHAS E SUAS APLICAÇÕES BIOTECNOLÓGICAS: UMA REVISÃO
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18816/r-bits.v5i3.5898Resumo
A biodiversidade marinha brasileira tem sido reconhecida por ser fonte de compostos com propriedades biológicas diversas. As algas marinhas são consideradas fontes valiosas de diversos compostos bioativos, entre eles os polissacarídeos. Os principais polissacarídeos conhecidos de algas marinhas são carragenanas, agaranas e alginatos, mas também são relatadas as galactanas híbridas, fucanas e laminarinas. Algumas dessas macromoléculas apresentam alguns dos grupos hidroxila dos resíduos de açúcar substituídos por grupamentos sulfato, sendo chamados de polissacarídeos sulfatados. Em linhas gerais, os polissacarídeos extraídos de algas marinhas apresentam várias atividades biológicas com potenciais benefícios para a saúde, tais como atividade anticoagulante e antitrombótica, antiviral, anti-tumor, imunomodulatória, antioxidante e anti-hiperlipêmica, e aplicações bastante diversificadas na área de alimentos, farmacêutica, biomédica e biotecnológica. No Brasil, a exploração de espécies com fins comerciais de maior porte corresponde à coleta de algas vermelhas no litoral do nordeste. Entretanto, as algas marinhas ainda são um recurso pouco explorado no Brasil, sendo necessário potencializar os recursos científicos, tecnológicos e financeiros, bem como diminuir a distância entre pesquisas em polissacarídeos de algas e produção e exploração no mercado.
Downloads
Referências
AKATSUKA, I.; IWAMOTO, K. Histochemical localization of agar and cellulose in the tissue of Gelidium pacificum (Gelidiaceae, Rhodophyta). Botanica marina, v. 22, n. 6, p. 367-370, 1979.
ALVES, L. G. Polissacarídeos ácidos presentes no folíolo, talo e flutuador da alga marinha Sargassum vulgare. 2000. 86 f. Dissertação (Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica). Departamento de Bioquímica - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte-UFRN, Natal, 2000.
ATHUKORALA, Y.; JUNG, W. K.; VASANTHAN, T.; JEON, Y. J. An anticoagulative polysaccharide from an enzymatic hydrolysate of Ecklonia cava. Carbohydrate Polymers, v. 66, p. 184-191, 2006.
ATHUKORALA, Y.; LEE, K. W.; KIM, S. K.; JEON, Y. J. Anticoagulant activity of marine green and brown algae collected from Jeju Island in Korea. Bioresource Tecnology, v. 98, n. 09, p. 1711-1716, 2007.
BERNARDI, G.; SPRINGER, G. F. Properties of highly purified fucan. J. Biol. Chem, v. 237, p. 75-80, 1962.
BEZERRA NETO, J. T. B.; RODRIGUES, J. A. G.; PONTES, G. C.; FARIAS, W. R. L. Polissacarídeos sulfatados da alga Caulerpa sertularioides (GMEL.) Howe: Análise de metodologias de precipitação. Rev. Bras. Enga. Pesca, v. 3, n. 2, p. 50-62, 2008.
BEZERRA-NETO, J. T. B. Extração, fracionamento, purificação e atividade anticoagulante dos polissacarídeos sulfatados da alga marinha verde Caulerpa sertularioides (Caulerpales, Caulerpaceae). 2005. 29 f. Monografia (Graduação em Engenharia de Pesca) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza.
BILAN, M. I.; GRACHEV, A. A.; USTUZHANINA, N. E.; SHASHKOV, A. S.; NIFANTIEV, N. E.; USOV, A. I. Structure of a fucoidan from the brown seaweed Fucus evanescens C.Ag. Carbohydrate Research, v. 337, p. 719–730, 2002.
BLONDIN, C.; CHAUBET, F.; NARDELLA, A.; SINQUIN, C; JOZEFONVICZ, J. Relations between chemical characteristics and anticomplementary activitv of fucans. Biomaterialsl, v. 7, p. 597-403, 1996.
BONDU, S.; DESLANDES, E.; FABRE, M. S.; BERTHOU, C.; GUANGLI, Y. Carrageenan from Solieria chordalis (Gigartinales): Structural analysis and immunological activities of the low molecular weight fractions. Carbohydrate Polymers, v. 81, p. 448–460, 2010.
BOWKER, D. M.; TURVEY, J. R. Water-soluble Polysaccharides of the Red Alga Laurencia pinnatifida. Part 1. Constituent Units. J. Chem. SOC., p. 983-988, 1968.
BUCK, C. B.; THOMPSON, C. D.; ROBERTS, J. N.; MU?LLER, M.; LOWY, D. R.; SCHILLER, J. T. Carrageenan is a potent inhibitor of Papillomavirus Infection. PLoS Pathogens, v. 2, p. 671-680, 2006.
CAMPO, V. L.; KAWANO, D. F.; SILVA JR., D. B.; CARVALHO, I. Carrageenans: Biological properties, chemical modifications and structural analysis– A review. Carbohydrate Polymers, v. 77, p. 167–180, 2009.
CANELÓN, D. J.; CIANCIA, M.; SUÁREZ, A. I.; COMPAGNONE, R. S.; & MATULEWICZ, M. C. Structure of highly substituted agarans from the red seaweeds Laurencia obtusa and Laurencia filiformis. Carbohydrate polymers, v. 101, p. 705-713, 2014.
CARVALHO, W.; CANILHA, L.; SILVA, S. S. Uso de biocatalisadores imobilizados: uma alternativa para a condução de bioprocessos. Revista Analytica, n. 23, p. 70-80, 2006.
CHIOVITTI, A.; BACIC, A.; CRAIK, D. J.; KRAFT, G. T.; LIAO, M. L.; FALSHAW, R.; FURNEAUX, R. H. A pyruvated carrageenan from Australian specimens of the red alga Sarconema filiforme. Carbohydrate Research, v. 310, p. 77-83, 1998.
CHIZHOV, A. O.; DELL, A.; MORRIS, H. R.; HASLAM, S. M.; MCDOWELL, R. A.; SHASHKOV, A. S.; NIFANT’EV, N. E.; KHATUNTSEVA, E. A.; USOV, A. I. A study of fucoidan from the brown seaweed Chorda Filum. Carbohydrate Research, v. 320, p. 108–119, 1999.
COLLIEC-JOUAULT, S.; MILLET, J.; HELLEY, D.; SINQUIN, C.; FISCHER, A.M. Effect of low-molecularweight fucoidan on experimental arterial thrombosis in the rabbit and rat. J. Thromb. Haemost, v. 1, p. 1114-1115, 2003.
COSTA, L. S.; FIDELIS, G. P.; CORDEIRO, S. L.; OLIVEIRA, R. M.; SABRY, D. A.; CÂMARA, R. B. G.; NOBRE, L. T. D. B.; COSTA, M. S. S. P.; ALMEIDA-LIMA, J.; FARIAS, E. H. C.; LEITE, E.L.; ROCHA, H.A.O. Biological activities of sulfated polysaccharides from tropical seaweeds. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, v. 64, p. 21-28, 2010.
CUMASHI A.; USHAKOVA, N. A.; PREOBRAZHENSKAYA, M. E.; D’INCECCO, A.; PICCOLI, A.; TOTANI, L.; TINARI, N.; MOROZEVICH, G. E.; BERMAN, A. E.; BILAN, M. I.; USOV, A. I.; USTYUZHANINA, N. E.; GRACHEV, A. A.; SANDERSON, C. G. J.; KELLY, M.; RABINOVICH, G. A.; IACOBELLI, S.; NIFANTIEV, N. E. A comparative study of the anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, antiangiogenic, and antiadhesive activities of nine different fucoidans from brown seaweeds. Glycobiology, v. 17, n. 5, p. 541–552, 2007.
CUNHA, P. L. R.; DE PAULA, R. C. M.; FEITOSA, J. P. A. Polissacarídeos da biodiversidade brasileira: uma oportunidade de transformar conhecimento em valor econômico. Quim. Nova, v. 32, n. 3, p. 649-660, 2009.
DAVIS, T. A.; VOLESKY, B.; MUCCI, A. A review of the biochemistry of heavy metal biosorption by brown algae. Water Research, v. 37, p. 4311–4330, 2003.
DEVILLÉ, C.; GHARBI, M.; DANDRIFOSSE, G.; PEULEN, O. Study on the effects of laminarin, a polysaccharide from seaweed, on gut characteristics. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, v. 87, p. 1717–1725, 2007.
DIETRICH, C. P.; FARIAS, G. G. M.; ABREU, L. R. D.; LEITE, E. L.; SILVA, L. F.; NADER H. B. A new approach for characterization of polysaccharides from algae: Presence of four main acidic polysaccharides in three species of the class Phaeophycea. Plant Sci., v. 108, p. 143-153, 1995.
DUARTE, M. E.R.; CARDOSO, M. A.; NOSEDA, M. D.; CEREZO, A. S. Structural studies on fucoidans from the brown seaweed Sargassum stenophyllum. Carbohydrate Research, v. 333, p. 281–293, 2001.
ESTEVEZ, J. M.; CIANCIA, M.; CEREZO, A. S. DL-Galactan hybrids and agarans from gametophytes of the red seaweed Gymnogongrus torulosus. Carbohydrate research, v. 331, n. 1, p. 27-41, 2001.
FARIAS, W. R. L.; VALENTE, A. P.; PEREIRA, M. S.; MOURÃO, P. A. Structure and anticoagulant activity of sulfated galactans. Isolation of a unique sulfated galactan from the red alga Botryocladia occidentalis and comparison of its anticoagulant action with that of sulfated galactans from invertebrates. Journal of Biological Chemistry, v. 275, n. 38, p. 29299-29307, 2000.
FERREIRA, L. G. Estrutura química e atividade antiviral de polissacarídeos sulfatados obtidos de algas do complexo Laurencia (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta). 2011. 217 f. Tese (Doutorado em Bioquímica) - Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 2011.
FERREIRA, L. G.; NOSEDA, M. D.; GONÇALVES, A. G.; DUCATTI, D. R.; FUJII, M. T.; DUARTE, M. E. Chemical structure of the complex pyruvylated and sulfated agaran from the red seaweed Palisada flagellifera (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta). Carbohydrate research, v. 347, n. 1, p. 83-94, 2012.
FERRER, J. L., inventor; JORGE ISERN JARA, assignee (Espanha). Preparation of gelled food products from pulp fruit and facility used for same. WO 2009109681 A1, 6 mar. 2009, 11 set. 2009.
FMC Health and Nutrition (2014). Disponível em: http://www.fmcbiopolymer.com. Acessado em: 30.04.2014.
FOOD INGREDIENTS BRASIL. Os alginatos e suas múltiplas aplicações. Revista Fib, n. 26, p. 34-38, 2013. Disponivel em: http://www.revista-fi.com/materias/340.pdf. Acesso em: 27.04.14.
FOUREST, E.; VOLESKY, B.; Alginate Properties and Heavy Metal Biosorption by Marine Algae. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, v. 67, p. 215-226, 1997.
FUJI CAPSULE KABUSHIKI KAISHA (Japan). Goto Hiroshi, Kondo Takashi. Soft agar capsules. EP 0389700 A1, 29 mar. 1989. 3 out. 1990.
GACESA, P. Alginates. Carbohydrate Polymers, v. 8, p. 161-182, 1988.
GIULIETTI, A. M.; HARLEY, R. M.; DE QUEIROZ, L. P.; WANDERLEY, M. G. L.; VAN DEN BERG, C. Biodiversidade e conservação das plantas no Brasil. Megadiversidade, v. 1, n. 1, p. 52-61, 2005.
GLICKSMAN, M. Utilization of seaweed hydrocolloids in the food industry. Twelfth International Seaweed Symposium Developments in Hydrobiology, v. 41, p. 31-47, 1987.
GRFER, C. W.; SHOMER, I.; GOLDSTEIN, M. E.; YAPHE, W. Analysis of carrageenan from Hypnea musciformis by using ?- and ?-carrageenanases and 13C-N.M.R. spectroscopy. Carbohydrate Research, v. 129, p. 189-196, 1984.
GUO, J. H.; SKINNER, G. W.; HARCUM; W. W.; BARNUM, P. E. Pharmaceutical applications of naturally occurring water-soluble polymers. Pharmaceutical science & technology today, v. 1, n. 6, p. 254-261, 1998.
HAIJIN, M.; XIAOLU, J.; HUASHI, G. A ?-carrageenan derived oligosaccharide prepared by enzymatic degradation containing anti-tumor activity. Journal of Applied Phycology, v. 15, p. 297–303, 2003.
HAROUN-BOUHEDJA, F.; ELLOUALI, M.; SINQUIN, C.; BOISSON-VIDAL, C. Relationship between Sulfate Groups and Biological Activities of Fucans. Thrombosis Research, v. 100, p. 453-459, 2000.
HEMMINGSON, J. A.; FALSHAW, R.; FURNEAUX, R. H.; THOMPSON, K. Structure and antiviral activity of the galactofucan sulfates extracted from Undaria pinnatifida (Phaeophyta). Journal of Applied Phycology, v. 18, p. 185-193, 2006.
HOLDT, S. L.; KRAAN, S. Bioactive compounds in seaweed: functional food applications and legislation. Journal of Applied Phycology, v. 23, p. 543-597, 2011.
JIAO, G.; YU, G.; ZHANG, J.; EWART, H. S. Chemical Structures and Bioactivities of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Marine Algae. Mar. Drugs, v. 9, p. 196-223, 2011.
KEARL M., KEARL T. (United States). Fucoidan delivery system. WO 2006130844 A2, 2 jun. 2006, 7 dez. 2006.
KILINÇ, B.; CIRIK, S.; TURAN, G.; TEKOGUL, H.; KORU, E. Seaweeds for Food and Industrial Applications, 2013. Disponível Em: http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/41694/InTechSeaweeds_for_food_and_industrial_applications.pdf. Acesso em: 27.04.14.
KIM, K. T.; RIOUX, L. E.; TURGEON, S. L. Alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition is differentially modulated by fucoidan obtained from Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum. Phytochemistry, v. 98, p. 27–33, 2014.
KIM, K.J.; LEE, O.H.; LEE, H.H.; LEE, B.Y. A 4-week repeated oral dose toxicity study of fucoidan from the Sporophyll of Undaria pinnatifida in Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicology, v. 267, p. 154-158, 2010.
KITAMURA, K.; MATSUO, M.; YASUI, T. Enzymic degradation of fucoidan by fucoidanase from the hepatopancreas of Patinopecten yessoensis. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., v. 56, p. 490-494, 1992.
KLARZYNSKI, O.; DESCAMPS, V.; PLESSE, B.; YVIN, J.C.; KLOAREG, B.; FRITIG, B. Sulfated fucan oligosaccharides elicit defense responses in tobacco and local and systemic resistance against tobacco mosaic virus. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact, v. 16, p. 115-122, 2003.
KNUTSEN, S. H.; MURANO, E.; D'AMATO, M.; TOFFANIN, R.; RIZZO, R.; PAOLETTI, S. Modified procedures for extraction and analysis of carrageenan applied to the red alga Hypnea musciformis. Journal of Applied Phycology, v. 7, p. 565-576, 1995.
KUMAR, S.; GODIYA, C. B.; SIDDHANTA, A. K. Carrageenan from Sarconema scinaioides (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) of Indian waters. Carbohydrate Polymers, v. 87, p. 1657– 1662, 2012.
KUSAYKIN, M.; BAKUNINA, I.; SOVA, V.; ERMAKOVA, S.; KUZNETSOVA, T.; BESEDNOVA, N.; ZAPOROZHETS, T.; ZVYAGINTSEVA, T. Structure, biological activity, and enzymatic transformation of fucoidans from the brown seaweeds. Biotechnol, v. 3, p. 904-915, 2008.
LI, B.; LU, F.; WEI, X.; ZHAO, R. Fucoidan: structure and bioactivity. Molecules, v. 13, p. 1671-1695, 2008.
LI, L.; NI, R.; SHAO, Y.; MAO, S. Carrageenan and its applications in drug delivery. Carbohydrate Polymers, v. 103, p. 1– 11, 2014.
LUO, D.; ZHAN, Q.; WANG, H.; CUI, Y.; SUN, Z.; YANG, J.; et al. Fucoidan protects against dopaminergic neuron death in vivo and in vitro. European Journal of Pharmacology, v. 617, p. 33–40, 2009.
MABEAL, S.; FLEURENCE, J. Seaweed in food products: biochemical and nutritional aspects. Trends in Food Science & Technology, v. 4, p. 103-107, 1993.
MARCEL TRADING CORPORATION. (2006). Disponível em http://www.marcelcarrageenan.com. Acessado em: 30.04.2014.
MATHIESON, A. C.; TVETER, E. Carrageenan ecology of Gigartina stellata (stackhouse) batters. Aquatic Botany, v. 2, p. 353-361, 1976.
MATOU, S.; HELLEY, D.; CHABUT, D.; BROS, A.; FISCHER, A. M. Effect of fucoidan on fibroblast growth factor-2-induced angiogenesis in vitro. Thrombosis Research, v. 106, p. 213-221, 2002.
MATULEWICZ, M. C.; CEREZO, A. S. The carrageenan from Iridaea undulosa B.; Analysis, fractionation and alkaline treatment. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, v. 31, p. 203-213, 1980.
MCCANDLESS, E. L.; CRAIGIE, J. S.; HANSEN, J. E. Carrageenans of gametangial and tetrasporangial stages of Iridaea cordata (Gigartinaceae). Canadian Journal of Botany, v. 53, n. 20, p. 2315-2318, 1975.
McHUGH, D. J. Cap. 7 Carrageenan. In A guide to the seaweed industry: FAO fisheries technical paper. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2003. ISSN 0429-9345.
MOU, H.; XIAOLU, J.; HUASHI, G. A kappa-carrageenan derived oligosaccharide prepared by enzymatic degradation containing anti-tumor activity. J. Appl. Phycol, v. 15, p. 297-303, 2003.
MUTHUSWAMY, E.; RAMADEVI, S. S.; VASAN, H. N.; GARCIA, C.; NOE, L.; VERELST, M. Highly stable Ag nanoparticles in agar-agar matrix as inorganic–organic hybrid. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, v. 9, n. 4, p. 561-567, 2007.
PELLICO, M. A., inventor; Laclede Professional Products, Inc., assignee (United States). Agar gel topical dressing. US 4291025 A1, 11 abr. 1980, 22 set. 1981.
PERCIVAL, E.; McDOWELL, R. H. Chemistry and enzymology of marine algal polysaccharides. New York: Academic Press, p. 219, 1967.
PEREIRA, L. Population Studies and Carrageenan Properties in Eight Gigartinales (Rhodophyta) from Western Coast of Portugal. The ScientificWorld Journal, V. 2013, P. 1-11, 2013.
PERERA, J. G.; MESQUITA, J. X.; ARAGÃO, K. S.; FRANCO, A. X.; SOUZA, M. H. L. P.; BRITO, T. V.; DIAS, J. M.; SILVA, R. O.; MEDEIROS, J. V. R.; OLIVEIRA, J. S.; ABREU, C. M. W.S.; DE PAULA, R. C. M.; BARBOSA, A. L. R.; FREITAS, A. L. P. Polysaccharides isolated from Digenea simplex inhibit inflammatoryand nociceptive responses. Carbohydrate Polymers, v. 108, p. 17–25, 2014.
PÉREZ-RECALDE, M.; MATULEWICZ, M. C.; PUJOL, C. A.; CARLUCCI, M. J. In vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory activity of sulfatedpolysaccharides from red seaweed Nemalion helminthoides. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, v. 63, p. 38-42, 2014.
POMIN, V. H.; MOURAO, P. A. S. Structure, biology, evolution, and medical importance of sulfated fucans and galactans. Glycobiology, v. 18, p. 1016–1027, 2008.
PONCE, N. M. A.; P.UJOL, C. A.; DAMONTE, E. B.; FLORES, M. L.; STORTZ, C. A. Fucoidans from the brown seaweed Adenocystis utricularis: extraction methods, antiviral activity and structural studies. Carbohydrate Research, v. 338, p. 153–165, 2003.
PRADO, H. J.; CIANCIA, M.; MATULEWICZ, M. C. Agarans from the red seaweed Polysiphonia nigrescens (Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales). Carbohydrate research, v. 343, n. 4, p. 711-718, 2008.
PRAJAPATI, V. D.; MAHERIYA, P. M.; JANI, G. K.; SOLANKI, H. K. Carrageenan: A natural seaweed polysaccharide and its applications. Carbohydrate polymers, v. 105, p. 97-112, 2014.
PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIVERSITY INDUSTRY-ACADEMIC COOPERATION FOUNDATION (Korea). Se-Kwon Kim, Young-Sook Cho. Pharmaceutical compositions containingfucoidan for stimulating and activating osteogenesis. US 20110301119 A1, 5 nov. 2009, 8 dez. 2011.
PULANNA SP. ZO.O (Poland). Miroslaw Skwarek, Michael Skwarek. Natural multiphase cosmetics. EP 2633848 A1, 6 ago. 2012, 4 set. 2013.
RINAUDO, M. Main properties and current applications of some polysaccharides as biomaterials. Polymer International, v. 57, p. 397-430, 2008.
RINAUDO, M. Non-Covalent Interactions in Polysaccharide Systems. Macromolecular Bioscience, v. 6, p. 590–610, 2006.
RINAUDO, M. Role of Substituents on the Properties of Some Polysaccharides, Biomacromolecules, v. 5, p. 1155-1165, 2004.
ROCHA, H. A. O.; FARIAS, E. H. C.; BEZERRA, L. C. L. M.; ALBUQUERQUE, I. R. L.; MEDEIROS, V. P.; QUEIROZ, K. C. S.; LEITE, E. L. Polissacarídeos sulfatados de algas marinhas com atividade anticoagulante. Infarma, v. 16, n. 1-2, p. 82-87, 2004.
RODRIGUES, J. A. G.; TORRES, V. M.; ALENCAR, D. B.; SAMPAIO, A. H.; FARIAS, W. R. L. Extração e atividade anticoagulante dos polissacarídeos sulfatados da alga marinha vermelha Halymenia pseudofloresia. Revista Ciência Agronômica, v. 40, n. 2, p. 224-231, 2009.
RODRÍGUEZ, M. C.; MATULEWICZ, M. C.; NOSEDA, M. D.; DUCATTI, D. R. B.; LEONARDI, P. I. Agar from Gracilaria gracilis (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) of the Patagonic coast of Argentina–Content, structure and physical properties. Bioresource technology, v. 100, n. 3, p. 1435-1441, 2009.
ROSA, M. D. Biological properties of carrageenan. J. Pharm. Pharmac., v. 24, p. 89-102, 1972.
SANTOS, G. A. Carrageenans of Species of Eucheuma J. Agardh and Kappaphycus Doty (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta). Aquatic Botany, v. 36, p. 55-67, 1989.
Science Photo Library. Disponível em: https://www.sciencephoto.com/. Acesso em 27.04.14.
SEZER, A. D. (Turkey). Fucoidan multiparticulate drug carrier systems. WO 2006091180 A2, 25 fev. 2005, 31 ago. 2006.
SIDDHANTA, A. K.; GOSWAMI, A. M.; SHANMUGAM, M.; MODY, K. H.; RAMAVAT, B. K.; MAIRH, O.P. Sulphated galactans of marine red alga Laurencia spp.(Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) from the west coast of India. Indian journal of marine sciences, v. 31, n. 4, p. 305-309, 2002.
SOUSA, A. P. A. DE; TORRES, M. R.; PESSOA, C.; MORAES, M. O. DE, ROCHA FILHO, F. D.; ALVES, A. P. N. N.; COSTA-LOTUFO, L. V. In vivo growth-inhibition of Sarcoma 180 tumor by alginates from brown seaweed Sargassum vulgare. Carbohydrate Polymers, v. 69, p. 7–13, 2007.
SPRINGER, G.F.; WURZEL, H.A.; MCNEAL, G.M., JR.; ANSELL, N.J.; DOUGHTY, M.F. Isolation of anticoagulant fractions from crude fucoidin. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med, v. 94, p. 404-409, 1957.
THOMES, P.; RAJENDRAN, M.; PASANBAN, B.; RENGASAMY, R. Cardioprotective activity of Cladosiphon okamuranus against isoproterenol induced myocardial infraction in rats. Phytomedicine, v. 18, p. 52-57, 2010.
TOYAMA, M.H.; TOYAMA, D.O.; TORRES, V.M.; PONTES, G.C.; FARIAS, W.R.L.; MELO, F.R.; OLIVEIRA, S.C.B.; FAGUNDES, F.H.R.; DIZ FILHO, E.B.S.; CAVADA, B.S. Effects of Low Molecular Weight Sulfated Galactan Fragments From Botryocladia occidentalis on the Pharmacological and Enzymatic Activity of Spla2 From Crotalus Durissus Cascavella. Protein J., p. 1-5, 2010.
TRC. Toronto Research Chemicals. L-fucose. Disponível em: http://www.trc-canada.com/search_cat.php?Search=L-fucose&qsearch=Quick+Search. Acesso em 27.04.14.
UNIV CAPITAL MEDICAL SCIENCES (China). Luo Dali, Yang Wenzhe, Cui Wentong, Zhang Quanbin. Novel medicinal application of fucoidan polysaccharide sulfate. CN 103239472 A, 10 maio 2013, 14 ago. 2013b.
UNIV CAPITAL MEDICAL SCIENCES (China). Luo Dali, Yu Xinfeng, Zhang Chao, Cui Wentong, Zhang Quanbin. Application of fucoidan polysaccharide sulfate in preparing drug for preventing and/or treating diabetic cardiomyopathy. CN 103230411, 20 maio 2013, 7 ago. 2013a.
UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE PERNAMBUCO (Brasil). Ricardo Yara, Cláudia Sampaio de Andrade Lima, Beate Saegesser Sos Santos, Júlio César Bezerra Pereira. Water-soluble agar polymer film and method for the production thereof. WO 2013113086 A1, 8 fev. 2013, 8 ago. 2013.
USOV, A. I. Polysaccharides of the red algae. Advances in carbohydrate chemistry and biochemistry, v. 65, p. 116, 2011.
USOV, A. I.; ELASHVILI, M. Y. Polysaccharides of algae. Investigation of sulfated galactan from Laurencia nipponica Yamada (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae) using partial reductive hydrolysis. Botanica marina, v. 34, n. 6, p. 553-560, 1991.
VERKLEIJ, F. N. Seaweed extracts in agriculture and horticulture: a review. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture, v. 8, n. 4, p. 309-324, 1992.
VIDOTTI, E. C.; ROLLEMBERG, M. C. E. Algas: da economia nos ambientes aquáticos à bioremediação e à química analítica. Quim. Nova, v. 27, n. 1, p. 139-145, 2004.
VILLANUEVA, R. D.; ROMERO, J.B.; RAGASA, A. L. R.; MONTAÑO, M. N. E. Agar from the red seaweed, Laurencia flexilis (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) from northern Philippines. Phycological Research, v. 58, p. 151–156, 2010a.
VILLANUEVA, R. D.; SOUSA, A. M. M.; GONÇALVES, M. P.; NILSSON, M.; HILLIOU, L. Production and properties of agar from the invasive marine alga, Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta). J Appl Phycol, v. 22, p. 211–220, 2010b.
WALTER AMES RULLMAN (United States). Cereal preparation. US 1163175, 12 maio 1915, 7 dez. 1915.
WEBBER, V.; CARVALHO, S. M.; BARRETO, P. L. M. Molecular and rheological characterization of carrageenan solutions extracted from Kappaphycus alvarezii. Carbohydrate Polymers, v. 90, p. 1744– 1749, 2012.
WHYTE, J. N., ENGLAR, J. R. The agar component of the red seaweed Gelidium purpurascens. Phytochemistry, v. 20, n. 2, p. 237-240, 1981.
WIJESEKARA, I.; PANGESTUTI, R.; KIM, S. K. Biological activities and potential health benefits of sulfated polysaccharides derived from marine algae. Carbohydrate Polymers, v. 84, p. 14–21, 2011.
WONG, K. F.; CRAIGIE, J. S. Sulfohydrolase Activity and Carrageenan Biosynthesis in Chondrus crispus (Rhodophyceae) Plant Physiol. V. 61, P. 663-666, 1978.
YANG, B.; YU, G.; ZHAO, X.; REN, W.; JIAO, G.; FANG, L.; WANG, Y.; DU, G.; TILLER, C.; GIROUARD, G.; BARROW, C.J.; EWART, H.S.; ZHANG, J. Structural characterisation and bioactivities of hybrid carrageenan-like sulphated galactan from red alga Furcellaria lumbricalis. Food Chem, v. 124, p. 50-57, 2011.
YU, Q.; YAN, J.; WANG, S.; JI, L.; DING, K.; VELLA, C.; WANG, Z..; HU, Z. Antiangiogenic effects of GFP08, an agaran-type polysaccharide isolated from Grateloupia filicina. Glycobiology, v. 22, n. 10, p. 1343-1352, 2012.
ZHANG, H. J.; MAO, W. J.; FANG, F.; LI, H. Y.; SUN, H. H.; CHEN, Y.; QI, X. H. Chemical characteristics and anticoagulante activities of a sulfated polysaccharide and its fragments from Monostroma latissimum. Carbohydrate Polymers, v. 71, n. 03, p. 428-434, 2008.
ZHOU, G.; SUN, Y.; XIN, H.; ZHANG, Y.; LI, Z.; XU, Z. In vivo antitumor and immunomodulation activities of different molecular weight lambda-carrageenans from Chondrus ocellatus. Pharmacological Research, v. 50, p. 47–53, 2004.
Português (Brasil)
English
Español (España)
