Tax aggressiveness and accounting fraud risk in companies listed on B3

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21680/2176-9036.2024v16n1ID31842

Keywords:

Tax aggressiveness, Corporate governance, Accounting frauds

Abstract

Purpose: The study investigated the relationship between Tax Aggressiveness (AT) and the Risk of Accounting Fraud (RFC) in companies listed on B3.

Methodology: Quantile regressions were estimated with data from 41 companies, considering the period from 2011 to 2020. The current Effective Tax Rate (ETR) was used as a proxy for AT and the Altman Z-Score was used as a proxy for RFC. For data collection, the Economática® database was used, as well as the Reference Forms and the minutes of the assembly/meeting of the board of directors available on the website of the Brazilian Securities Commission (CVM).

Results: The results showed that the higher the level of AT, the lower the RFC, not corroborating the research hypothesis. Furthermore, the results showed significant associations of variables related to corporate governance. The IndepCadm variable showed negative associations with the RFC, while the ReuCadm and Coaud variables showed positive associations. Finally, the CeoPres variable indicated mixed associations with the RFC, that is, sometimes estimated parameters have a negative relationship and sometimes estimated parameters have a positive relationship with the RFC.

Contributions of the Study: The results can contribute to reinforce the mixed effects that the literature has presented on tax aggressiveness. Considering these effects, understanding the relationship between the AT and the RFC can be a tool to help investors make decisions about buying, selling or holding certain assets. Additionally, the independent audit can use the degree of tax aggressiveness as an alert for fraud, while the tax authorities can plan their inspection activities prioritizing companies with high levels of tax aggressiveness. That is, information about AT can be an item to be incorporated into the decision-making process of different users of accounting information.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Térsio Arcúrio Júnior, Universidade de Brasília, UnB

Doutorando em ciências contábeis na Universidade de Brasília (UnB).

João Abreu de Faria Bilhim, Universidade de Brasília

Possui doutoramento em Ciências Sociais (1993) pela Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (atual Universidade de Lisboa). É Pesquisador Colaborador Pleno do PPGCont/FACE/Universidade de Brasília (UnB) e investigador integrado no Centro de Administração e Políticas Públicas, ISCSP, Universidade de Lisboa. Pesquisador GESPU/UnB. Foi Professor Visitante na pós-graduação em contabilidade (PPGCont) da FACE - Universidade de Brasília (UnB). Foi presidente da entidade administrativa independente, Comissão de Recrutamento e Seleção da Administração Pública (CReSAP). Foi Presidente do ISCSP - UTL; Professor Catedrático ISCSP, Universidade de Lisboa. Possui experiência nas áreas de administração e políticas públicas e gestão de recursos humanos.

Rodrigo de Souza Gonçalves, Universidade de Brasília

Graduação em Ciências Contábeis. Pós-graduação (lato sensu) e mestrado em Controladoria e Contabilidade Estratégia pela Fundação Escola de Comércio Álvares Penteado FECAP e Doutorado em Ciências Contábeis pelo Programa Multiinstitucional e Inter-regional de Pós-graduação em Ciências Contábeis (UnB/UFRN/UFPB). Na área de assessoria empresarial na área Contábil atuou entre 1994-2006. Na perícia judicial iniciou suas atividades no ano de 2005, elaborando laudos e pareceres para auxiliar o Juízo em suas sentenças. Na área do ensino superior iniciou no ano de 2002. Consultor do PNUD Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento (2006). Coordenador Regional do Programa Multiinstitucional e Inter-regional de Pós-graduação em Ciências Contábeis (UnB/UFRN/UFPB - 2014 a 2016) e Coordenador do Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Contábeis da Universidade de Brasília (PPGCont/UnB - 2015/2016). Pesquisador em projeto de revisão e reestruturação do Sistema de Informação do Programa de Dispêndios Globais (PDG) financiado pela SEST/Ministério do Planejamento (2017/2018). Líder do Eixo Temático Auditoria e Perícia (EnANPAD 2018), Fraudes, Investigação Contábil e Perícia (EnANPAD 2019) e Governança, Auditoria e Controle Interno (EnANPAD 2020 a 2022). Membro do Comitê de Auditoria da Empresa Brasileira de Correios e Telégrafos (2018-2019). Membro independente na Comissão de Avaliação do Indicador de Governança - IG-SEST - da Secretaria de Coordenação e Governança das Empresas Estatais do Ministério da Economia (2017-2022). Professor do Departamento de Ciências Contábeis da Universidade de Brasília/UnB (desde 2006) e do Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Contábeis (desde 2012). Pesquisa premiada no VI Prêmio SOF de Monografias como a melhor na temática: qualidade do gasto público e no XVII USP International Conference in Accounting na área Contabilidade Governamental e Terceiro Setor. Editor-chefe da Revista Contabilidade, Gestão e Governança (2021). Suas pesquisas são desenvolvidas na área de evidenciação de relatórios financeiros, qualidade da informação contábil, qualidade da auditoria, fraudes em demonstrações financeiras e qualidade da evidenciação de relatórios de responsabilidade social.

References

Altman, E. I. (1968). Financial ratios, discriminant analysis and the prediction of corporate bankruptcy. The Journal of Finance, 23(4), 589-609. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1968.tb00843.x

Altman, E. I., Baydia, T. K. N., & Dias, L. M. R. (1979). Previsão de problemas financeiros em empresas. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 19(1), 17-28. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75901979000100002

Alves, D. C., Melo, R. C., & Castro, W. A. (2020). Tax planning: a case study of a footwear company to identify the most advantageous tax regime. Research, Society and Development, 9(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i1.1673

Alves, F. A., Melo, G. C. V., Nascimento, I. C. S., & Moreira, C. S. (2021). Planejamento tributário e análise dos incentivos fiscais da SUDENE em uma empresa de fruticultura localizada em Mossoró/RN. Desenvolvimento Socioeconômico Em Debate, 7(2), 87-101. https://doi.org/10.18616/rdsd.v7i2.6606

Balakrishnan, K., Blouin, J. L., & Wayne R. G. (2018). Tax Aggressiveness and Corporate Transparency. The Accounting Review, 94(1), 45-69. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-52130

Bartov, E., Givoly, D., & Hayn, C. (2002). The rewards for meeting or beating earnings expectations. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 33, 172–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-4101(02)00045-9

Beasley, M. S. (1996). An empirical analysis of the relation between the board of director composition and financial statement fraud. The Accounting Review, 71(4), 443-465. https://www.jstor.org/stable/248566

Beasley, M. S., Carcello, J. V., Hermanson, D. R., & Lapides, P. D. (2000). Fraudulent financial reporting: consideration of industry traits and corporate governance mechanisms. American Accounting Association, 14(4), 441-454. https://doi.org/10.2308/acch.2000.14.4.441

Beatty, A., & Weber, J. (2003). The effects of debt contracting on voluntary accounting method changes. The Accounting Review, 78(1), 119-142. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3203298

Beneish, M. D. (1997). Detecting GAAP violation: Implications for assessing earnings management among firms with extreme financial performance. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 16, 271-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4254(97)00023-9

Bhavani, G., & Amponsah, C. T. (2017). M-Score and Z-Score for detection of accounting fraud. Accountancy Business and the Public Interest. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318489930_M-Score_and_Z-Score_for_detection_of_Accounting_Fraud

Blouin, J. (2014). Defining and measuring tax planning aggressiveness. National Tax Journal, 67(4), 875- 900. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.17310/ntj.2014.4.06?journalCode=ntj

Broietti, C., Valério, E. D., Nishi, J. M., & Soato, J. M. A. (2022). Planejamento tributário: proposta para uma empresa de fornecimento de refeições preparadas. Revista Brasileira de Contabilidade e Gestão, 11(20), 133-146. https://doi.org/10.5965/2316419011202022133

Cao, Z. (2022). Corporate tax avoidance and fraud risk. [Tese de Doutorado]. University of Missouri-St. https://irl.umsl.edu/dissertation/1256

Centro de Estudos Tributários e Aduaneiros. (2022, dezembro). Carga Tributária no Brasil 2021. Análise por Tributos e Bases de Incidência. Receita Federal.

https://www.gov.br/receitafederal/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/estudos/carga-tributaria/carga-tributaria-no-brasil-2021/@@download/file

Chen, G., Firth, M., Gao, D. N., & Rui, O. M. (2006). Ownership structure, corporate governance, and fraud: evidence from China. Journal of Corporate Finance, 12, p. 424-448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2005.09.002

Crocker, K. J., & Slemrod, J. (2005). The Economics of earnings manipulation and managerial compensation. Working Paper, Pennsylvania State University and University of Michigan. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0741-6261.2007.00107.x

Confederação Nacional da Indústria. (2022). Competitividade Brasil 2021-2022. Indicadores Econômicos CNI. https://static.portaldaindustria.com.br/media/filer_public/e7/40/e740259f-460c-44c1-b4bb-1c0c7ec0e34c/competitividadebrasil_2021-2022_v1.pdf

Dalnial, H., Kamaluddin, A., Sanusi, Z. M., & Khairuddin, K, S. (2014). Accountability in financial reporting: detecting fraudulent firms. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 145(25), 61-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.06.011

Dechow, P. M., Sloan, R. G., & Sweeney, A. P. (1996). Causes and consequences of earnings manipulation: an analysis of firms subject to enforcement actions by the SEC. Contemporary Accounting Research, 13(1), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1911-3846.1996.tb00489.x

DeFond, M L, & Jiambalvo, J. (1994). Debt covenant violation and manipulation of accruals: Accounting choice in troubled companies. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 17, 145-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-4101(94)90008-6

Desai, M. A. (2005). The degradation of corporate profits. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(4), 171-192. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4134961

Desai, M. A., & Dharmapala, D. (2006). Corporate tax avoidance and high-powered incentives. Journal of Financial Economics, 79, 145-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2005.02.002

Desai, M. A., & Dharmapala, D. (2009). Corporate tax avoidance and firm value. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 91(3), 537-546. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25651357

Desai, M. A., Hogan, C. E., & Wilkins, M. S. (2006). The reputational penalty for aggressive accounting: earnings restatements and management turnover. The Accounting Review, 81(1), 83-112. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4093129

DiNapoli, P. T. (2008). Red flags for fraud State of New York office of the State Comptroller. State of New York. Office of the State Comptrolle. https://www.osc.state.ny.us/files/local-government/publications/pdf/red_flags_fraud.pdf

Dyreng, S. D., Halon, M., & Maydew, E. L. (2010). The effects of executives on corporate tax avoidance. The Accounting Review, 85(4), 1163-1189. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2010.85.4.1163

Erickson, M., Hanlon, M., & Maydew E. L. (2004). How much will firms pay for earnings that do not exist? Evidence of taxes paid on allegedly fraudulent earnings. The Accounting Review, 79, 387-408. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3203249

Erickson, M., Halon, M., & Maydew, E. L. (2006). Is there a link between executive equity incentives and accounting fraud? Journal of accounting Research, 44(1), 113-143. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3542319

Fitzenberger, B. (1998). The moving blocks bootstrap and robust inference for linear least squares and quantile regressions. Journal of Econommetrics, 82(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(97)00058-4

Fonseca, A. K., Sirqueira, D. M., Araújo, R. A. M., & Garcia, I. A. S. (2021). Reflexo do planejamento tributário no endividamento das empresas não financeiras listadas na Brasil Bolsa Balcão (B3). Revista De Gestão E Secretariado (Management and Administrative Professional Review), 12(2), 225–252. https://doi.org/10.7769/gesec.v12i2.1191

França, T. S., & Bezerra, F. A. (2022). Agressividade tributária nas empresas de capital aberto que atuam em mercado regulado. Revista Ambiente Contábil, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.21680/2176-9036.2022v14n1ID27706

Francis, J., Huang, A., Rajgopal, S., & Zang, A. (2004). CEO reputation and reporting quality. Working paper, Duke University. https://www.amyzang.org/uploads/2/6/5/5/26555370/francis_huang_rajgopal_and_zang_2009_car.pdf

Frank, M. M., Lynch, L. J., & Rego, S. O. (2009). Tax reporting aggressiveness and its relation to aggressive financial reporting. The Accounting Review, 84(2), 467-496. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27802660

Gonçalves, R. S., Nascimento, G. G., & Wilbert, M. D. (2016). Os efeitos da subvenção governamental frente à elisão fiscal e a geração de riqueza. Revista Catarinense de Ciência Contábil, 15(45), 34-48. https://doi.org/10.16930/2237-7662/rccc.v15n45p34-48

Gonçalves, R. S., Santana, G., Catarino, J., & Matos, E. (2017). Responsabilidade social corporativa (RSC) e elisão fiscal: uma análise de empresas certificadas e não certificadas no Brasil. Revista portuguesa e brasileira de gestão (Lisboa), 16, 24-37. https://doi.org/10.12660/rgplp.v16n2.2017.78380

Guimarães, G. O. M., Macedo, M. A. S., & Cruz, C. F. (2016). Análise da Alíquota Efetiva de Tributos Sobre o Lucro no Brasil: Um Estudo com foco na ETRt e na ETRc. Enfoque: Reflexão Contábil, 35(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.4025/enfoque.v35i1.30570

Halon, M., & Heitzman, S. (2010). A review of tax research. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 50, 127-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2010.09.002

Hashim, H. A., Ariff, A. M., & Amrah, M. R. (2016). Accounting irregularities and tax aggressiveness. International Journal of Economics, Management and Accounting, 24(1), 1-14. https://journals.iium.edu.my/enmjournal/index.php/enmj/article/download/391/203/658

Healy, P. (1985). The effect of bonus schemes on accounting decisions. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 7, 85-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-4101(85)90029-1

Healy P. M., & Wahlen, J.M. (1999). A review of the earnings management literature and its implications for standard setting. Accounting Horizons, 13, 365-383. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch.1999.13.4.365

Heltzer, W., Mindak, M. P., & Shelton, S. W. (2012). The relation between aggressive financial reporting and aggressive tax reporting: Evidence from ex-Arthur Andersen clients. Research in Accounting Regulation, 24, 96-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.racreg.2012.05.001

Instituto Brasileiro de Governança Corporativa. (2015). Código das melhores práticas de governança corporativa. 5.ed. São Paulo, SP: IBGC. https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/4382648/mod_resource/content/1/Livro_Codigo_Melhores_Praticas_GC.pdf

Jensen, M. C. (1993). The modern industrial revolution, exit, and the failure of internal control systems. The Journal of Finance, 48(3), 831-880. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1993.tb04022.x

Jumardi, S. (2023). The effect of asymmetric information towards tendency of accounting fraud (Case study of West Sulawesi Provincial Government). ProBisnis : Jurnal Manajemen, 13(2), 312-318. https://ejournal.joninstitute.org/index.php/ProBisnis/article/view/129/112

Koenker, R. (2005). Quantile regression. 1º. ed. Cambridge University Press, 1, 349. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511754098

Koenker, R., & Bassett, G. (1978). Regression Quantiles. Econometrica, 46(1), 33-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913643

Lei nº 7.689, de 15 de dezembro de 1988. Institui contribuição social sobre o lucro das pessoas jurídicas e dá outras providências. Presidência da República. https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/LEIS/L7689.htm

Lenard, M J., & Alam, P. (2009). An historical perspective on fraud detection: from bankruptcy models to most effective indicators of fraud in recent incidents. Journal of Forensic & Investigative Accounting, 1(1), 1-27. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253950844_An_Historical_Perspective_on_Fraud_Detection_From_Bankruptcy_Models_to_Most_Effective_Indicators_of_Fraud_in_Recent_Incidents

Lennox, C. S., Lisowsky, P., & Pittman, J. (2013). Tax aggressiveness and accounting fraud. Journal of Accounting Research, 0(0), 1-40. https://doi.org/10.1111/joar.12002

Lennox, C. S., & Pittman, J. (2010). Big five audits and accounting fraud. Contemporary Accounting Research, 27(1), 209-247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1911-3846.2010.01007.x

Lima, E. M., & Rezende, A. J. (2019). Um estudo sobre a evolução da carga tributária no Brasil: uma análise a partir da Curva de Laffer. Interações, 20(1), 239–255. https://doi.org/10.20435/inter.v0i0.1609

Martinez, A. L. (2001). Gerenciamento dos resultados contábeis: estudo empírico das companhias abertas brasileiras. [Tese de Doutorado]. Departamento de Contabilidade e Atuária. Universidade de São Paulo. https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12136/tde-14052002-110538/pt-br.php

Martinez, A. L. (2017). Agressividade tributária: um survey da literatura. Revista de Educação e Pesquisa em Contabilidade, 11, Edição Especial, art. 6, 106-124. https://doi.org/10.17524/repec.v11i0.1724

Martinez, A. L., & Motta, F. P. (2020). Agressividade fiscal em sociedades de economia mista no Brasil. Revista Contemporânea de Contabilidade, 17(43), 136-148. https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-8069.2020v17n43p136

Martinez, A. L., & Oliveira, J. P. E. G. (2019). Novo CARF e Planejamento tributário com operações societárias. Revista Pensamento Contemporâneo em Administração (RPCA), 13(2), 166-181. https://doi.org/10.12712/rpca.v13i2.13181

Martinez, A. L., Ribeiro, A. C., & Funchal, B. (2019). The sarbanes oxley act and taxation: a study of the effects on the Tax Aggressiveness of Brazilian Firms. Revista Contabilidade Vista & Revista, 30(1), 27-42. https://doi.org/10.22561/cvr.v30i1.4525

Martinez, A. L., & Rodrigues, A. M. (2020). The Effect of Corporate Diversification on Tax Aggressiveness in Brazilian Companies. Journal of Accounting, Management and Governance, 23(1), 38-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21714/1984-3925_2020v23n1a3

Martins, O. S., & Ventura Jr., R. (2020). Influência da governança corporativa na mitigação de relatórios financeiros fraudulentos. Revista Brasileira de Gestão e Negócios, 22(1), 65-84. https://doi.org/10.7819/rbgn.v22i1.4039

Matsunaga, S., & Park, C. (2001). The effect of missing a quarterly earnings benchmark on the CEO’s annual bonus. The Accounting Review, 76, 313-332. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3068938

Mather, P., & Peirson, G. (2006). Financial covenants in the markets for public and private debt. Accouting and Finance, 46, 285-307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-629X.2006.00168.x

Minnick, K., & Noga, T. (2010). Do corporate governance characteristics influence tax management? Journal of Corporate Finance, 16, 703-718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2010.08.005

Persons, O. (1995). Using financial statement data to identify factors associated with fraudulent financial reporting. Journal of Applied Business Research, 11(3), 38-46. https://doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v11i3.5858

Pilati, R., & Theiss, V. (2016). Identificação de situações de elisão fiscal e evasão fiscal: um estudo com contadores no estado de Santa Catarina. Revista Catarinense de Ciência Contábil, 15(46), 61-73, 2016. http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=477549367007

Potin, S., Silva, V. C. S., Reina, D., & Sarlo Neto, A. (2016). Análise da relação de dependência entre proxies de governança corporativa, planejamento tributário e retorno sobre ativos das empresas da BM&FBOVESPA. Organizações em contexto, 12(23), 455-478. https://doi.org/10.15603/1982-8756/roc.v12n23p455-478

Ramos, M. C., & Martinez, A. L. (2018). Agressividade tributária e o refazimento das demonstrações financeiras nas empresas brasileiras listadas na B3. Pensar Contábil, 20(72), 4-15. http://www.atena.org.br/revista/ojs-2.2.3-06/index.php/pensarcontabil/article/view/3366

Ravisankar, P.; Ravi, V., Rao, G. R., & Bose, I. (2011). Detection of financial statement fraud and feature selection using data mining techniques. Decision Support Systems, 50, 491-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2010.11.006

Rego, S. O. (2003). Tax-avoidance activities of U.S. multinational corporations. Contemporary Accounting Research, 20(4), 805-833. https://doi.org/10.1506/VANN-B7UB-GMFA-9E6W

Rezende, A. J., Dalmácio, F. Z., & Rathke, A. A. T. (2018). Avaliação do impacto dos incentivos fiscais sobre os retornos e as políticas de investimento e financiamento das empresas. Revista Universo Contábil, 14(4), 28-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4270/ruc.2018426

Riahi-Belkaoui, A. (2017). The architecture of fraud in the accounting environment. College of Business administration university of Illinois at Chicago. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3065381

Rizwan, S. (2019). Corporate Frauds, Information Asymmetry and Stock Market Reaction. Global Regional Review, Humanity Only, 4(2), 26-133. https://ideas.repec.org/a/aaw/grrjrn/v4y2019i2p126-133.html

Rosner, R. L. (2003). Earnings manipulation in failing firms. Contemporary Accounting Research, 20(2), 361-408. https://doi.org/10.1506/8EVN-9KRB-3AE4-EE81

Silva, M. J. F., Amaral, A. C. F., Pereira, H. G., Lima, M. S., Sousa, I. V. D., Sousa, H. V. D., Campos, A. E., & Morais, A. F. (2023). Tax Avoidance: planejamento tributário de uma empresa do ramo de usinagem do município de Patos de Minas-MG. Revista De Gestão E Secretariado (Management and Administrative Professional Review), 14(4), 4859–4882. https://doi.org/10.7769/gesec.v14i4.1953

Slemrod, J. (2004). The economics of corporate tax selfishness. National Tax Journal, 57(4), 877-899. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41790265

Spathis, C. T. (2002). Detecting false financial statements using published data: some evidence from Greece. Managerial Auditing Journal, 17(4), 179-191. https://doi.org/10.1108/02686900210424321

Wiralestari, & Hernando, R. (2019). Do directors and tax aggressiveness affect fraudulent financial reporting? Jurnal Akuntansi, 9(3), 219–226. https://doi.org/10.33369/j.akuntansi.9.3.219-226

Downloads

Published

02-01-2024

How to Cite

ARCÚRIO JÚNIOR, T. . .; BILHIM, J. A. de F. .; GONÇALVES, R. de S. . Tax aggressiveness and accounting fraud risk in companies listed on B3. REVISTA AMBIENTE CONTÁBIL - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, [S. l.], v. 16, n. 1, p. 42–70, 2024. DOI: 10.21680/2176-9036.2024v16n1ID31842. Disponível em: https://periodicos.ufrn.br/ambiente/article/view/31842. Acesso em: 21 nov. 2024.

Issue

Vol. 16 No. 1 (2024): Jan./Jun.

Section

Section 1: Accounting Applied to the Business Sector (S1)

License

Copyright (c) 2024 REVISTA AMBIENTE CONTÁBIL - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish in this magazine agree with the following terms: 

Authors keep the copyrights and concede the right of its first publication to the magazine. The work piece must be simultaneously licensed on the Creative Commons Attribution Licence which allows the paper sharing, and preserves both the author identity and the right of first publication to this magazine. 

Authors are authorized to assume additional contracts separately, to not-exclusively distribution of the paper version published in this magazine (e.g.: publish in institutional repository or as a book chapter), with the author identity recognition and its first publication in this magazine. 

Authors are permitted and stimulated to publish and distribute their papers online (e.g.: in institutional repository or on their personal webpage), considering it can generate productive alterations, as well as increase the impact and the quotations of the published paper.

Creative Commons - Atribuição-NãoComercial-SemDerivações 4.0 Internacional.