Guerra na Ucrânia
o deslocamento do centro de gravidade das Nações Unidas do Conselho de Segurança para a Assembleia Geral
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21680/1982-310X.2023v16n2ID36160Palavras-chave:
Organização das Nações Unidas, Conselho de Segurança, Assembleia Geral, Rússia, Ucrânia, Guerra, Paz e segurança internacionais.Resumo
Em 24 de fevereiro de 2022, o presidente russo Vladimir Putin decidiu lançar uma vasta ofensiva das forças armadas russas — por terra, ar e mar — em todo o território da Ucrânia, sob o pretexto do que foi justificado como uma "operação militar especial". Essa guerra iniciada pela Rússia contra a Ucrânia evidenciou as deficiências das Nações Unidas quando um membro permanente do Conselho de Segurança está envolvido. Desde o início das hostilidades armadas, o Conselho de Segurança — órgão de composição restrita que detém a responsabilidade primordial pela manutenção da paz e da segurança internacionais — permaneceu paralisado em sua atuação devido ao veto russo. Em contrapartida, a Assembleia Geral, órgão plenário, vivenciou uma revitalização que lhe permitiu intervir em apoio à Ucrânia e adotar uma série de resoluções importantes, ainda que não vinculantes. O centro de gravidade das Nações Unidas deslocou-se, assim, de um Conselho de Segurança imobilizado para uma Assembleia Geral revitalizada, capaz de reafirmar os princípios fundamentais do direito internacional em um momento em que estes são tão flagrantemente desrespeitados.
Downloads
Referências
AFRICAN UNION. Statement from Chair of the African Union, H.E. President Macky
Sall and Chairperson of the AU Commission H.E. Moussa Faki Mahamat, on the
situation in Ukraine. 24 Feb. 2022. Available at: https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20220224/african-union-statement-situation-ukraine. Consulted
on: 09 Feb. 2024.
BARBER, Rebecca. A survey of the General Assembly’s competence in matters of
international peace and security: in law and practice. Journal on the Use of Force and
International Law, v. 8, n. 2, p. 115-156, 2021. Available at:
https://doi.org/10.1080/20531702.2020.1776505. Consulted on: 8 Feb. 2024.
BURGORGUE-LARSEN, Laurence. La réaction des organisations internationales face à
l’agression de l’Ukraine par la Russie: entre impuissance onusienne et renaissance
européenne. Le Club des Juristes, 28 Feb. 2022.
COMBACAU, Jean. Le pouvoir de qualification du Conseil de sécurité. In: 70 ans des
Nations Unies: quel rôle dans le monde actuel? Paris: Pedone, 2014. p. 25-36.
COUNCIL OF EUROPE. Committee of Ministers. 2.3 Situation in Ukraine – Measures to be
taken, including under Article 8 of the Statute of the Council of Europe. In: EUROPEAN
COUNCIL MEETING, 1426, February 25, 2022. Decisions, 2022. Available at:
https://rm.coe.int/native/0900001680a5a360. Consulted on: 8 Feb. 2024.
DUPONT, Angèle; MARKUS, Jean-Paul. Petit point sur les sanctions européennes contre la
Russie depuis le début de la guerre, à la veille du onzième ‘paquet’. Les Surligneurs, 22 May
2023. Available at:
https://www.lessurligneurs.eu/petit-point-sur-les-sanctions-europeennes-contre-la-russie-depui
s-le-debut-de-la-guerre-a-la-veille-du-onzieme-paquet/. Consulted on: 9 Feb. 2024.
ESCOBAR HERNÁNDEZ, Concepción. Ucrania y la Corte Penal Internacional: una
oportunidad para la Corte y para la lucha contra la impunidad. Revista Española de Derecho
Internacional, v. 74, n. 2, p. 57-76, 2022. Available at:
https://www.revista-redi.es/redi/article/view/95. Consulted on: 7 Feb. 2024.
EUROPEAN UNION. Press statement of President Charles Michel of the European
Council and President Ursula von der Leyen of the European Commission on Russia’s
unprecedented and unprovoked military aggression of Ukraine. 24 Feb. 2022. Available
at: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/statement_22_1321. Consulted on: 7
Feb. 2024.
FERNANDEZ, Julian Mandat d’arrêt contre Vladimir Poutine: la Cour pénale internationale
a-t-elle franchi le Rubicon? Le Rubicon, 20 Mar. 2023. Available at:
https://lerubicon.org/mandat-darret-contre-vladimir-poutine-la-cour-penale-internationale-a-telle-franchi-le-rubicon/. Consulted on: 8 Feb. 2024.
FERNANDEZ, Julian; UBÉDA-SAILLARD, Muriel. Agression de l’Ukraine: qu’espérer de
la Cour internationale de Justice et de la Cour pénale international. Le Club des Juristes, 5
Mar. 2022.
JACOB, Patrick. Les sanctions de l’UE contre la Russie comme mesures de réaction à un fait
internationalement illicite. Revue Générale de Droit International Public, v. 127, n. 1, p.
71-97, 2023.
KELLY, Michael J. United Nations Security Council permanent membership and the veto
problem. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, v. 52, n. 1, p. 101-118,
2020. Available at:
https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2567&context=jil.
Consulted on: 13 Feb. 2024.
KOUDÉ, Roger. Invasion de l’Ukraine: la Russie fait usage de son ‘droit de veto’ au Conseil
de sécurité des Nations Unies. Revue Politique et Parlementaire, 28 Feb. 2022. Available at:
https://www.revuepolitique.fr/invasion-de-lukraine-la-russie-fait-usage-de-son-droit-de-veto-a
u-conseil-de-securite-des-nations-unies/. Consulted on: 13 Feb. 2024.
KOUDÉ, Roger. La sempiternelle question de la réforme du Conseil de sécurité des Nations
Unies. Revue Politique et Parlementaire, 9 Dec. 2021. Available at:
https://www.revuepolitique.fr/la-sempiternelle-question-de-la-reforme-du-conseil-de-securitedes-nations-unies/. Consulted on: 13 Feb. 2024.
MAIA, Catherine. Agression de l’Ukraine par la Russie: réflexions sur l’impuissance du
Conseil de sécurité. Multipol, 5 Mar. 2022. Available at:
https://reseau-multipol.blogspot.com/2022/03/analyse-agression-de-lukraine-par-la.html.
Consulted on: 13 Feb. 2024.
MAIA, Catherine. Quel rôle pour la Cour pénale internationale face aux allégations de crimes
en Ukraine? Revue des Droits et Libertés Fondamentaux, v. 17, 2022. Available at:
https://revuedlf.com/droit-international/quel-role-pour-la-cour-penale-internationale-face-auxallegations-de-crimes-en-ukraine/. Consulted on: 7 Feb. 2024.
MAIA, Catherine. The Security Council and the use of force: between military power and
powerlessness. African Yearbook of International Law, v. 23, n. 1, p. 473-488, 2018.
MAIA, Catherine; BAHADUR NAGAR, Shashaank. Poland-Belarus border crisis: a
vanishing point of international refugee law. Observatory on European Studies, 13 Dec.
2021. Available at: https://www.eurolatinstudies.com/laces/announcement/view/96. Consulted
on: 27 Feb. 2024.
MAIA, Catherine; GBÉNOU, André-Marie. Annexions russes de territoires ukrainiens:
lorsque l’Assemblée générale condamne ce que le Conseil de sécurité est empêché de
condamner. Le Club des Juristes, 31 Oct. 2022. Available at:
https://www.leclubdesjuristes.com/international/annexions-russes-de-territoires-ukrainiens-lor
sque-lassemblee-generale-condamne-ce-que-le-conseil-de-securite-est-empeche-de-condamne
r-498/. Consulted on: 9 Feb. 2024.
MAIA, Catherine; GBÉNOU, André-Marie. Exclusion de la Russie du Conseil de l’Europe:
une fragilisation de l’organisation paneuropéenne? Le Temps, 20 Mar. 2022. Available at: https://www.letemps.ch/opinions/exclusion-russie-conseil-leurope-une-fragilisation-lorganisat
ion-paneuropeenne. Consulted on: 9 Feb. 2024.
MAIA, Catherine; GBÉNOU, André-Marie. La motivation du droit de veto au Conseil de
sécurité au cœur d’une nouvelle résolution de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies.
Multipol, 3 May 2022. Available at:
http://reseau-multipol.blogspot.com/2022/05/actu-la-motivation-du-droit-de-veto-au.html.
Consulted on: 9 Feb. 2024.
MAIA, Catherine; HAMA, Kadidiatou. Les mandats d’arrêt de la CPI à l’encontre du
président russe et de la commissaire russe aux droits de l’enfant: un coup d’épée dans l’eau?
Les Surligneurs, 23 Mar. 2023. Available at:
Feb. 2024.
MARPLES, David R. (ed.). The war in Ukraine’s Donbas: origins, contexts, and the future.
Budapest: Central European University Press, 2022.
MAUREL, Raphaël. Pourquoi l’agression de l’Ukraine par la Russie est illégale? Les
Surligneurs, 26 Feb. 2022. Available at:
https://www.lessurligneurs.eu/pourquoi-lagression-de-lukraine-par-la-russie-est-illegale/.
Consulted on: 27 Feb. 2024.
ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES. Statement from the OAS General
Secretariat on the Russian attack on Ukraine. 24 Feb. 2022. Available at:
https://www.oas.org/en/media_center/press_release.asp?sCodigo=E-008/22. Consulted on: 9
Feb. 2024.
PAIGE, Tamsin Phillipa. Mission: impossible? Reforming the UN Charter to limit the veto.
Journal of International Peacekeeping, v. 25, n. 2, p. 187-194, 2022.
TRAHAN, Jennifer. Existing legal limits to Security Council veto power in the face of
atrocity crimes. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 2020.
UNITED NATIONS. General Assembly Holds First-Ever Debate on Historic Veto
Resolution, Adopts Texts on Infrastructure, National Reviews, Council of Europe
Cooperation. 26 Apr. 2023b. Available at: https://press.un.org/en/2023/ga12500.doc.htm.
Consulted on: 13 Feb. 2024.
UNITED NATIONS. General Assembly. Resolution A/RES/ES-11/1, adopted on 2 March
2022. Aggression against Ukraine. [New York]: UN, 18 Mar. 2022a. Available at:
https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3965290?v=pdf#files. Consulted on: 9 Feb. 2024.
UNITED NATIONS. General Assembly. Resolution A/RES/ES-11/2, adopted on 24 March
2022. Humanitarian consequences of the aggression against Ukraine. [New York]: UN, 28
Mar. 2022b. Available at: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3966630?ln=en&v=pdf.
Consulted on: 9 Feb. 2024.
UNITED NATIONS. General Assembly. Resolution A/RES/ES-11/3, adopted on 7 April
2022. Suspension of the rights of membership of the Russian Federation in the Human Rights
Council. [New York]: UN, 8 Apr. 2022c. Available at:
https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3967950/files/A_RES_ES-11_3-EN.pdf. Consulted on: 9
Feb. 2024.
UNITED NATIONS. General Assembly. Resolution A/RES/ES-11/5, adopted on 14
November 2022. Furtherance of remedy and reparation for aggression against Ukraine. [New
York]: UN, 15 Nov. 2022d. Available at:
https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96
FF9%7D/a_res_es_11_5.pdf. Consulted on: 9 Feb. 2024.
UNITED NATIONS. General Assembly. Resolution A/RES/ES-11/6, adopted on 23
February 2023. Principles of the Charter of the United Nations underlying a comprehensive,
just and lasting peace in Ukraine. [New York]: UN, 2 Mar. 2023a. Available at:
https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n23/063/07/pdf/n2306307.pdf?token=TWpk6Jj3viLz
va5Hex&fe=true. Consulted on: 9 Feb. 2024.
UNITED NATIONS. General Assembly. Resolution A/HRC/49/L.1, adopted on 24
February 2022. Situation of human rights in Ukraine stemming from the Russian aggression.
[New York]: UN, 4 Mar. 2022e. Available at:
https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3959073?v=pdf. Consulted on: 9 Feb. 2024.
UNITED NATIONS. Secretary-General. Secretary-General, in statement on Ukraine, calls
Russian Federation’s military offensive ‘wrong, against Charter, unacceptable, but not
irreversible’. 24 Feb. 2022f. Available at: https://press.un.org/en/2022/sgsm21158.doc.htm.
Consulted on: 9 Feb. 2024.
UNITED NATIONS. Security Council. S/2022/431: United States of America: draft
resolution. [New York]: UN, 26 May 2022g. Available at:
https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96
FF9%7D/S%202022%20431.pdf. Consulted on: 9 Feb. 2024.
UNITED NATIONS. Security Council. S/2022/538: Ireland and Norway: draft resolution.
[New York]: UN, 8 Jul. 2022h. Available at:
https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96
FF9%7D/s_2022_538.pdf. Consulted on: 9 Feb. 2024.
UNITED NATIONS. Security Council. S/2022/720: Illegal So-Called Referenda in Ukraine:
draft resolution. [New York]: UN, 20 Sep. 2022i. Available at:
https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=S%2F2022%2F720&Language=E&DeviceTy
pe=Desktop&LangRequested=False. Consulted on: 9 Feb. 2024.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2024 Revista Digital Constituição e Garantia de Direitos
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Autores mantêm os direitos autorais pelo seu artigo. Entretanto, repassam direitos de primeira publicação à revista. Em contrapartida, a revista pode transferir os direitos autorais, permitindo uso do artigo para fins não- comerciais, incluindo direito de enviar o trabalho para outras bases de dados ou meios de publicação.
